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Definitions and sources
Corporate tax
Corporate tax rates in %.
Source: PwC 2025
Labour cost
Yearly labour cost in Euro for a mechanical engineer. The yearly labour cost includes both salary and social contributions.
Source: fDi Benchmark, 2024
Regional HQ cost
Yearly cost in Euro for a combination of 50 employees at a regional HQ, including senior management, finance, HR, sales etc., as well as utilities.
Source: fDi Benchmark, 2025
Productivity
Added value (thousand Euro) per employee in manufacturing.
Source: Eurostat, 2025
R&D intensity
R&D expenditure as % of GDP.
Source: Eurostat, 2025
Skilled workforce
Population with tertiary education, % of 25-34 year olds
Source: OECD 2023
Innovation
Global Innovation Index, 1-100 (best): Detailed metrics about the innovation performance of 139 countries. Its 80 indicators explore a broad vision of innovation, including political environment, education, infrastructure and business sophistication.
Source: Global Innovation Index, Cornell University, INSEAD, World Intellectual Property Organization 2025
GDP and inflation
GDP in billion (USD). Source: World Bank, 2024
Inflation rate %. Source: International Monetary Fund, 2025
Ease of doing business
Economies are ranked 0-100 (best) on their ease of doing business. A high ease of doing business ranking means the regulatory environment is more conducive to the starting and operation of a local firm.
Source: World Bank 2020
Digital Competitiveness
Digital Competitiveness Index , 0-100 (best): The ranking provides a measure of a country’s ability to adopt and explore digital technologies leading to transformation in business models, and society in general.
Source: IMD World Competitiveness Center 2025
Logistics
The Logistics Performance Index overall score reflects perceptions of a country's logistics based on the efficiency of customs clearance process, quality of trade- and transport-related infrastructure, ease of arranging competitively priced shipments, quality of logistics services, ability to track and trace consignments, and frequency with which shipments reach the consignee within the scheduled time. The index ranges from 1 to 5, with a higher score representing better performance.
Source: World bank 2022
Electricity price
Electricity prices in Euro/kWh for non-household consumers at consumption levels 20 000 - 70 000 MWh. The prices excludes VAT and other recoverable taxes and levies.
Source: Eurostat 2024
Renewable energy
Share in % of renewable energy in gross final energy consumption.
Source: Eurostat 2023
Sustainable development
Sustainable Development Goal Index, 0-100 (best): The SDG Index assess where each country stands with regard to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals, signifying a country’s position between the worst (0) and best (100) outcomes.
Source: Sachs, J.D., Lafortune, G., Fuller, G., Iablonovski, G. (2025). Financing Sustainable Development to 2030 and Mid-Century. Sustainable Development Report 2025. Paris: SDSN, Dublin: Dublin University Press.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25546/111909